China’s newly revealed quantum processor, Zuchongzhi 3.0, and Google’s recent Willow quantum chip mark major milestones in quantum computing. Both chips feature 105 superconducting qubits and represent the current cutting-edge technology.

Zuchongzhi 3.0 achieved quantum supremacy by performing a random circuit sampling task in minutes, a computation estimated to take billions of years on the world’s fastest supercomputer. Google’s Willow similarly demonstrated supremacy with even greater theoretical speed advantages. Performance-wise, Willow slightly edges ahead with marginally better gate fidelities (single-qubit: 99.97%, two-qubit: 99.86%) and longer coherence times (~100 µs compared to Zuchongzhi’s 72 µs).

Technologically, both processors utilize advanced superconducting qubit architectures, optimized fabrication techniques, and sophisticated packaging methods, positioning them at the forefront of quantum innovation.

These quantum advancements underscore an intensifying global quantum computing competition between China and the United States, with major implications for national strategic capabilities, technological leadership, and future applications.

Potential real-world applications include breakthroughs in cryptography, complex optimization problems, artificial intelligence, and simulating chemical reactions and materials. While practical quantum computing still faces challenges, Zuchongzhi 3.0 and Willow significantly accelerate progress towards solving real-world problems beyond the reach of classical supercomputers.

Nonetheless, the term “quantum supremacy” can be misleading—it’s more nuanced than simply outperforming classical computers on all fronts. Here’s what I think clearly summarizes the current reality:

• Yes, quantum processors like Google’s Willow and China’s Zuchongzhi 3.0 have genuinely performed specific, carefully designed tasks exponentially faster than the world’s most powerful supercomputers. These demonstrations confirm “quantum supremacy” or “quantum advantage,” but only for specialized tasks (like Random Circuit Sampling).
• However, this doesn’t mean quantum computers can broadly outperform classical systems across practical, real-world problems—at least not yet. The tasks chosen for quantum supremacy demonstrations are intentionally favorable to quantum computing and often lack immediate real-world applicability.
• Achieving quantum supremacy is an important milestone and proves quantum hardware is progressing rapidly. Still, many significant hurdles remain—such as error correction, qubit scalability, coherence times, and developing useful algorithms—to make quantum computing practically useful across industries.

In summary:

• I believe quantum supremacy has been genuinely demonstrated in a narrow, specialized sense.
• I don’t believe quantum computing has reached the broader “practical supremacy” needed to solve everyday computational challenges yet.
• The true impact will come when quantum computers consistently solve real-world problems better or faster than classical computers, which remains a work-in-progress.

Therefore, skepticism regarding marketing claims is healthy, but the science behind recent quantum supremacy milestones is robust and credible.

References:

Alan Bradley, Live Science – Chinese quantum processor is 1 quadrillion times faster than the best supercomputer — and it rivals Google’s breakthrough Willow chip livescience.com

​D. Gao et al., Physical Review Letters (2025) – Experimental details of Zuchongzhi 3.0 (105-qubit superconducting processor)​ phys.org

​Doug Finke, Quantum Computing Report – Chinese Scientists Describe the 105-Qubit Zuchongzhi 3.0, a Competitor to Google’s Willow​ quantumcomputingreport.com

​Hartmut Neven (Google Quantum AI), Google Blog – Meet Willow, our state-of-the-art quantum chip (Dec 2024)​ blog.google and quantumcomputingreport.com

Marin Ivezic, PostQuantum – Zuchongzhi 3.0 Quantum Chip: Technical Breakthroughs and Global Implications​ postquantum.com